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www.skepticalscience.com

Please people, stop trying to use basic hearsay as definitive fact when it comes to climate change. If you read that site, they have a plethora of relevant, peer-reviewed information that completely supports the hypothesis that the Earth IS going through climate change directly caused by humans.

Starting at the industrial revolution, there is a clear increase in the CO2 present in the atmosphere, which as many of you know, causes the "greenhouse gas" effect that we have been warned about. The only thing I've heard of an ice age is decreased solar activity having an effect on the Earth, and all of that cooling would be counteracted (were it to even take place; there isn't much evidence for it) by global warming caused by humans.

I'm not trying to bash people or try to say I'm better than anyone, let's not bring our egos into this, I am putting this information out there simply with the hope that you are informed and aren't acting off of faulty information.

Apple reducing it's dependency on carbon-dioxide heavy power solutions is a great step for the future of renewable energy in the computer industry. Though I would like other companies to follow suit, it seems many are turning a blind eye to many moral issues. I haven't heard of Dell or HP providing the same effort Apple has when it comes to Foxconn working conditions.

I'm not trying to argue that X company is better that Y company, I'm just hopeful that companies will try to do their business without always relying on whether or not it's financially beneficial for them.
As I scientist, my training leads me to examine all claims with healthy skepticism. I actually find both sides of the global warming debate to be religious about their beliefs to the point of fanaticism, quoting computer models as if they are dogma and labeling those who disagree as heretical. The site to which you link is a prime example of this. I will take original studies published in peer-reviewed journals any day over blogs that can pick and choose what information they want to present. John Cook, the publisher of the blog you linked, clearly states that he is "not a professional scientist". Yet he chooses to ignore studies published by those who are. For example, a study published by NASA scientist Dr. Roy Spencer in 2011 in the peer-reviewed astronomic journal Remote Sensing brought into question assumptions made by Cook in his blog and by others advocating the "hockey stick" computer model of global warming (remember, this is a computer model, not a proven climatologic phenomenon, in spite of Cook's claims to the contrary).

Abstract: The sensitivity of the climate system to an imposed radiative imbalance remains the largest source of uncertainty in projections of future anthropogenic climate change. Here we present further evidence that this uncertainty from an observational perspective is largely due to the masking of the radiative feedback signal by internal radiative forcing, probably due to natural cloud variations. That these internal radiative forcings exist and likely corrupt feedback diagnosis is demonstrated with lag regression analysis of satellite and coupled climate model data, interpreted with a simple forcing-feedback model. While the satellite-based metrics for the period 2000–2010 depart substantially in the direction of lower climate sensitivity from those similarly computed from coupled climate models, we find that, with traditional methods, it is not possible to accurately quantify this discrepancy in terms of the feedbacks which determine climate sensitivity. It is concluded that atmospheric feedback diagnosis of the climate system remains an unsolved problem, due primarily to the inability to distinguish between radiative forcing and radiative feedback in satellite radiative budget observations.

I also take issue with the assumption by Cook and other GHG alarmists that CO2 emissions are a significant contributor to the amount of cirrus cloud present in the Earth's atmosphere. Cirrus clouds are in the upper troposphere and can reflect heat radiating from the Earth's surface back toward the surface, much as the layers of reflective coating surrounding the inner surface of a thermos reflect heat back into the liquid contained inside. The problem with the theory that industrial CO2 emissions significantly increase cirrus cloud cover is that the proportion of CO2 present in the Earth's atmosphere is about 0.04%, most of which is not industrially produced, while the lighter gases oxygen and nitrogen comprise 99.03% of the atmosphere. Given that the heavier molecular weight of gases such as CO2 causes them to be disproportionately distributed in the lower atmosphere compared to those with lower molecular weight, the proportion of CO2 present in the upper troposphere where cirrus clouds form must be significantly less than 0.04%, an amount which some would claim should have a negligible effect on the formation of cirrus clouds. Lower cloud cover, on the other hand, is believed to have a cooling effect due to its reflection of the sun's light back into space. In theory, because CO2 is heavier than the gases that comprise 99% of the atmosphere, it should actually produce more of this lower, sunlight-reflecting, cooling cloud cover than it does of the radiative heat-reflecting higher cirrus cloud cover.

This is not to say that global warming is not taking place; I believe it is silly to claim otherwise. The true question is why it is occurring and when and at what temperature it will stop. Global warming and cooling cycles have been shown to be part of the natural history of the Earth, for eons prior to the appearance of the first primates. There is always either global warming or global cooling taking place, there is no such thing as global "staying the same". There needs to be far more research into the effects of emissions of CO2 (and IMO, much more importantly, aerosols and other pollutants) on the Earth's biosphere, and a whole loss rhetoric.

And for the record, I am in favor of reducing our ecologic footprint on the Earth as much as possible. I have spent a year designing a new home with the best insulation and most efficient heating possible, including attention to minute details of heating duct placement, length and configuration. I spent months researching the feasibility of heating the home with a geothermal plant. I am just unconvinced by lobbyists who claim that "clean coal" or hydroelectric energy generation are more "green" than oil, or especially natural gas. I applaud Apple's use of solar and fuel cell technology to power its data centers, but I do have concerns about some of the substances released in the production of solar panels, substances which according to some researchers have a much stronger greenhouse effect than CO2 (although they are admittedly released in minute amounts compared to the predicted lifespan of the panel). I even have an idea for a different kind of solar panel design, that if I had the time, I should really try to patent. But IMO, the true future of cleaner energy will likely be nuclear fusion, although there is still the issue of radioactive waste to deal with, albeit much less than it is with nuclear fission. And there may be a future for geothermal heating, as well (although this is also complicated, because an improperly designed system can use more electric power than the energy it saves in the burning of fuel). In the meantime, however, I believe our efforts should be focused more on energy conservation and elimination of waste, rather than energy-expending tactics like pumping CO2 under the earth's crust as some jurisdictions have proposed to reduce their net CO2 emissions, because we have become so fixated on CO2 emissions that we are completely ignoring all the other things we are doing to harm our environment.

BTW, my favorite way to reduce GHGs is to plant a lot of trees (my new home will sport at least 40 of them).
 
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Receiving negative votes does not mean someone is out of touch. It means they may not want to accept reality.



This will not save energy costs because you need to include maintenance, which will be catastrophic. There is no payback on solar or wind because equipment has to be replaced well before it approaches break-even. A solar panel with an 8-year payback will be lucky to make it through its 3rd year without having spent as much on maintaining it as it originally cost. I found this out the hard way, buying into all the bogus hype.

Watch the price of Apple stock over the next week or so to see what the 'owners' think of this move.



Why do lemmings jump off the cliff?

They don't.
 
And then along comes fusion in the next couple of years, making this redundant. I know it's good PR and all, but really, there are other, more cost-effective green alternatives currently available, unless there's been a recent revolution in solar cell energy capture rates.
 
I know some states offer flat rates but California utilities use tiered pricing to encourage conservation. That $.40/KWH is PG&E pricing at the highest tier if you leave your AC, lights and devices on 24/7 and try to use your house to overload the nearest substation

With the higher rates, California has one of the most ambitious RPS's in the nation. Every utility is required to have 33% renewable penetration by 2020 under penalty of fines. This is major infrastructure work that was mandated in 2006 that only gets paid for through rates. So most utilities have had multiple rate increases over the past half a decade to fund the building of renewable generation and related programs. Most other states either have less ambitious RPS's or no RPS at all, thus the lower rates.

...

Far as state permits and powerplant construction, the state government is slow but the California grid isn't an island. You don't need to build a plant in California to match load in California. IE Los Angeles gets most of its power from Utah and Arizona
In other words, electricity prices in California are artificially inflated.
 
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Mmm! Apple's new mapping software looks nice. Looking forward to that.

Oh yes... On topic. Very good with the eco stuff. Yeah, good work on that too!
 
You do realize that there's entire (for-profit) businesses built around laying solar panels on any structure they can, then selling the power to the building owner (at standard grid rates, mind you)? Payback time is like 5-8 years for these companies, but they stand to make a killing as time goes on, as these systems last 20+ years.

The last time I checked (last year) the payout was on the order of 20 years and the life of the cells was 10.

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Why did they say renewable resources and list fuel cells. Fuel cells run on hydrogen. How is hydrogen a renewable resource? #1 source of hydrogen, steam reforming of natural gas - an energy intensive process.
 
In other words, electricity prices in California are artificially inflated.

Repeating yourself won't make what you say true

Why did they say renewable resources and list fuel cells. Fuel cells run on hydrogen. How is hydrogen a renewable resource? #1 source of hydrogen, steam reforming of natural gas - an energy intensive process.

Depends on how the fuel's created. If I use a solar farm to perform electrolysis to create hydrogen, it's considered renewable. If I gasify coal to create syngas and extract hydrogen from syngas, it's considered non-renewable.

Apple's fuel cell runs off biogas though, which is considered renewable because as long as there's life on earth, there'll be biogas created every day
 
Receiving negative votes does not mean someone is out of touch. It means they may not want to accept reality.

Well, the rest of your post seems to indicate that you're out of touch with reality. As an example, I'll give you the *real* answer to your last question.

Why do lemmings jump off the cliff?

Under normal conditions, they don't. They periodically migrate when population densities reach a critical level, but they only jump off cliffs when they're moving in a panicked herd propelled by a Disney video crew.

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How many people where killed by that 9+ earthquake on a 40 year old plant that was not properly maintained? Zero. How many people have died construction and maintaining wind mills? Nuclear has a far better safety record.

Yep. As hard as it is to believe, Nuclear power has the best safety record of all power generation technologies since it's invention. That *includes* Chernobyl (an actual disaster) as well as TMI, Fukishima (news-cycle 'disasters').

It's even pretty close to the best safety record if you include the creation and *use* of nuclear weaponry in the mix. (Hard to believe, but also true.)

The difference is that 'nuclear is strange' and therefore reported disproportionately in the news, even when there isn't *actually* a measurable danger. Renewable resources like wind and solar have higher accident, injury, and death rates, but they tend to happen in small groups, like 1 or 2 at a time due to installation/maintenance accidents, so they aren't reported with the same breathless awe.
 
This type of thinking is exactly what landed Apple in the crapper once already, back in the 90's. Steve Jobs had to come back to save their lousy asses, now what?

I don't have the exact numbers, but it looks like management may be getting ready to throw $100 million dollars into the garbage, and people are clapping their hands like this means something good for the company.

Not a good sign, as far as evaluating corporate governance and management. And people wonder why I sold this dog. Sell high, buy low. Only, this time no more Jobs to rescue Apple's sorry ass again.

WHAT? I'm not sure how you can associate a social conscience with poor management and bad design. Apple stumbled before because the CEO didn't really understand the product, stopped being interested in innovation and made very poor product decisions.

There has been absolutely no evidence that Tim Cook will do any of these things, and Apple has actually become MORE successful with him in charge.

Do you feel that Apple's focus on better working conditions in factories that manufacture Apple products is also a bad sign? I mean, how on earth does that help Apple shareholders?

It's not as if Apple has turned their focus on these things. Do you think they are taking resources away from R & D or design?

And you do realize that MOST big companies do things that have nothing to do with their product but to go towards helping society?
 
Does Siri sleep?

...Apple posting a new page to the environmental section of its website touting that all of the company's data centers will be powered by 100% renewable energy.

Does Apple turn the data center off from 4PM to 10AM?

...or does it run on coal when the sun isn't high in the sky?
 
...Apple posting a new page to the environmental section of its website touting that all of the company's data centers will be powered by 100% renewable energy.

Does Apple turn the data center off from 4PM to 10AM?

...or does it run on coal when the sun isn't high in the sky?

I was hoping they would use their fantastic battery technology to solve that problem
 
Apple needs to consult with the French government on how to deal with Greenpeace's harassment. Booommmm... and they never bother you again.
 
If you think that's what I said, your reading comprehension sucks

You said, "I know some states offer flat rates but California utilities use tiered pricing to encourage conservation. That $.40/KWH is PG&E pricing at the highest tier if you leave your AC, lights and devices on 24/7 and try to use your house to overload the nearest substation."

"With the higher rates, California has one of the most ambitious RPS's in the nation. Every utility is required to have 33% renewable penetration by 2020 under penalty of fines. This is major infrastructure work that was mandated in 2006 that only gets paid for through rates. So most utilities have had multiple rate increases over the past half a decade to fund the building of renewable generation and related programs. Most other states either have less ambitious RPS's or no RPS at all, thus the lower rates."

... these are just ways of saying that electricity prices in California are artificially inflated. Sorry, but that's a fact.
 
WHAT? I'm not sure how you can associate a social conscience with poor management and bad design. Apple stumbled before because the CEO didn't really understand the product, stopped being interested in innovation and made very poor product decisions.
After Jobs left the first time, the company was left to be run by a bunch of hippies with big friendly ideas, who, though creative, had no practical sense of how to run a company and maintain long term profitability. The place was full of kindness, but was unstructured and undisciplined.
There has been absolutely no evidence that Tim Cook will do any of these things, and Apple has actually become MORE successful with him in charge.
Let's see. A "new" iphone with the exact same design as the iPhone 4, only a slightly faster processor and a few additional software elements. An iPad with a higher resolution screen.

There have been no major changes in any of these products, and it is said that most all of those changes were put into motion when Jobs was still there. Even the upcoming iPhone 5 was supposedly put into motion by Jobs when he was still there.

Never mention that the 4S when it first came out was plagued by horrid battery problems for many users, and that a great many "New iPads" have problems maintaining a WiFi connection at a reasonable distance, particularly in the WiFi only model. There appears to have been little effort to reach out to make things right for customers who have improperly functioning devices; instead it appears the policy has been to silently replace units for those customers who are brash enough to complain.

Under John Scully, the company was able to coast along for many years after Jobs left as a very profitable enterprise (even more profitable than when Jobs was there) before things began to catch up. It remains to be seen if the current board of directors is up to the challenge of continuing to press innovation by creating "insanely great" nearly flawless products. In my mind, it's really just an open question.

It's not like it's enough to run a beauty pageant where everyone picks their favorite charity and everyone feels good about themselves. They have to continue making stuff that leaps and bounds beyond their competitors or the whole business model turns to crap.
It's not as if Apple has turned their focus on these things. Do you think they are taking resources away from R & D or design?
It doesn't matter how much they spend on R&D if there is no-one around to pare away the garbage that isn't fit for sale. Having nice people floating around the company really doesn't cut it. You have to have people who are capable of saying something is crap when it is less than perfect, and who is willing to tread on people by refusing to release anything that isn't ready, or scrap a project that isn't being implemented correctly.

That's just the way it is. Nice people don't make good CEOs, particularly in tech.
 
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...Apple posting a new page to the environmental section of its website touting that all of the company's data centers will be powered by 100% renewable energy.

Does Apple turn the data center off from 4PM to 10AM?

...or does it run on coal when the sun isn't high in the sky?

That's when Apple buys renewables off the energy market or from Duke Energy.

You said, "I know some states offer flat rates but California utilities use tiered pricing to encourage conservation. That $.40/KWH is PG&E pricing at the highest tier if you leave your AC, lights and devices on 24/7 and try to use your house to overload the nearest substation."

"With the higher rates, California has one of the most ambitious RPS's in the nation. Every utility is required to have 33% renewable penetration by 2020 under penalty of fines. This is major infrastructure work that was mandated in 2006 that only gets paid for through rates. So most utilities have had multiple rate increases over the past half a decade to fund the building of renewable generation and related programs. Most other states either have less ambitious RPS's or no RPS at all, thus the lower rates."

... these are just ways of saying that electricity prices in California are artificially inflated. Sorry, but that's a fact.

No. Tiered pricing mirrors the actual cost of operations. At peak loads, utilities have to turn on specialized units like natural gas generators, with 3-6 times the fuel costs of baseload. A whole block overloading a circuit can also lead to equipment failing and infrastructure having to be replaced. So there's nothing artificial about consumers being required to pay more when they do things that require utilities to spend more to keep the lights on.

And if you think an RPS = artificial pricing, every single deregulated state in the US has an RPS. Every other state is regulated with zero market competition to drive down price. California also has the same RPS as the European Union. By your criteria, the entire western world must have artificially inflated pricing. That's ridiculous

Artificially inflated pricing is what happens when someone like Enron comes in and manipulates the grid to make it look like generation is scarce and drive up power purchase costs. It's not when a utility uses tiered pricing to reflect actual operating costs. And it's not when a utility uses rate hikes (which have to be approved by the public utilities commission in the first place) to front infrastructure changes.
 
That's when Apple buys renewables off the energy market or from Duke Energy.

Hmmm - quite a grey area.

Say that at night Apple buys "clean" power from the hydro dams on the Columbia River.

Is there a "virtual private grid" so that the electrons from Washington state are securely delivered to Apple's servers in Maiden?

Or is it just accounting hocus-pocus so that Duke sends Apple coal-produced electrons, but Apple is paying for the grid to compensate?

The point is - if you're connected to the grid, you're connected to both "clean" and "dirty" electrons. The only way that Apple could claim to be 100% green is if Maiden was not connected to the grid.

...which would mean putting Siri to sleep for most of the day.
 
No. Tiered pricing mirrors the actual cost of operations. At peak loads, utilities have to turn on specialized units like natural gas generators, with 3-6 times the fuel costs of baseload. A whole block overloading a circuit can also lead to equipment failing and infrastructure having to be replaced. So there's nothing artificial about consumers being required to pay more when they do things that require utilities to spend more to keep the lights on.

And if you think an RPS = artificial pricing, every single deregulated state in the US has an RPS. Every other state is regulated with zero market competition to drive down price. California also has the same RPS as the European Union. By your criteria, the entire western world must have artificially inflated pricing. That's ridiculous

Artificially inflated pricing is what happens when someone like Enron comes in and manipulates the grid to make it look like generation is scarce and drive up power purchase costs. It's not when a utility uses tiered pricing to reflect actual operating costs. And it's not when a utility uses rate hikes (which have to be approved by the public utilities commission in the first place) to front infrastructure changes.
Actually, it's true actually as you say, all pricing in the electricity sector is artificial (e.g. regulated by government fiat).

It's just that in California, regulators and government have artificially created prices that are higher than most all other places in the country.

It doesn't matter what RPS is, or how many countries use them. An RPS is one thing that regulators and legislators can do, which artificially creates higher electricity prices. Period.

Not that it matters, but peak prices are high in California not just because of higher marginal vs. fixed costs of power generation during times of peak use; it's because of government favoring increasing prices and restraining available peak supply, rather than doing the opposite. Differences between peak and off-peak rates in states with more liberal energy policies are minimal even taking these factors into account. Even base electricity prices in California are higher than even peak prices in half of states or more, which is the opposite of what you would expect if tiered pricing were doing what you say it is doing. When peak pricing is three or four times higher than base pricing, this is not because of increased marginal costs of power generation.

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Hmmm - quite a grey area.

Say that at night Apple buys "clean" power from the hydro dams on the Columbia River.

Is there a "virtual private grid" so that the electrons from Washington state are securely delivered to Apple's servers in Maiden?

Or is it just accounting hocus-pocus so that Duke sends Apple coal-produced electrons, but Apple is paying for the grid to compensate?

The point is - if you're connected to the grid, you're connected to both "clean" and "dirty" electrons. The only way that Apple could claim to be 100% green is if Maiden was not connected to the grid.

...which would mean putting Siri to sleep for most of the day.
What is usually meant when people speak of buying "clean" power from their power company, is voluntarily electing to pay the utility more money than they actually would for the same amount of power. The utility is supposed to use the excess rate contribution to offset the cost of renewables, but I would imagine that it's hard to calculate to what extent this actually happens.
 
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I am just unconvinced by lobbyists who claim that "clean coal" or hydroelectric energy generation are more "green" than oil.

yeah we figured as much when you had reservations about toxic by products of solar panels. I wonder too if hydroelectric energy is more green than oil, what with all these microorganisms gathering up at dams...

28372_10150200648540436_765260435_13037172_6089872_n.jpg


As someone once said if bp could own the sun we d have had solar energy 30 years ago...
 
\Say that at night Apple buys "clean" power from the hydro dams on the Columbia River.

Is there a "virtual private grid" so that the electrons from Washington state are securely delivered to Apple's servers in Maiden?

Or is it just accounting hocus-pocus so that Duke sends Apple coal-produced electrons, but Apple is paying for the grid to compensate?

The point is - if you're connected to the grid, you're connected to both "clean" and "dirty" electrons. The only way that Apple could claim to be 100% green is if Maiden was not connected to the grid.

...which would mean putting Siri to sleep for most of the day.

There's no virtual private grid. There might be accounting hocus-pocus, but that depends on how you define that.

Electrically, you can't separate clean from dirty once they hit a common line or bus. From an design engineering POV, only way to keep them separate is to build a private connection from Apple to the dam along with private transformers, switchgear, etc, which isn't practical or economical.

Atomically there's no difference between a clean electron and a dirty one anyone so the way things work right now is revenue meters are installed throughout the grid that measure the amount of energy passing through key points. For your dam, there'll be a meter nearby measuring the amount of energy the hydro turbine creates. If Apple wants to purchase this energy, they bid for it on the energy market. The revenue meter at Apple's data center will verify the same amount of energy reached their facility. In between, the electricity will flow through transmission lines, busses, and substations and mix in with other sources of generation that will be recorded by other customer meters. At the end of the month though, the numbers are supposed to add up and if they don't, some utility or plant owner is gonna get fined.

Since everything is done through metering, you could call it hocus pocus but essentially it's all circuit analysis verified by audits.

Actually, it's true actually as you say, all pricing in the electricity sector is artificial (e.g. regulated by government fiat).

It's just that in California, regulators and government have artificially created prices that are higher than most all other places in the country.

Here's a link to a paper where a bunch of mathematicians identified and modeled all the variables that explain why prices vary between California and other states. They have something like 15-20 different variables in the model, including state taxes, local taxes, cost of living, customer density, load factor, portfolio breakdown (which in 2012 would incorporate an RPS), price paid for fuel, emission controls, distribution infrastructure, generation capacity, etc. They found nothing that would indicate price manipulation.

Far as CA state regulators being able to choke generation supply, that's impossible. CA's grid is part of the Western Interconnection, which covers everything from California up to Canada all the way to Colorado. This whole area is essentially one big circuit and is run like one big circuit by interconnected utilities, regional ISO's, and WECC. Because everything's interconnected, you can have plants out of state feeding load in-state so a state legislature not being able to permit power plants efficiently doesn't affect anything. You also federal regulatory bodies (WECC/NERC) watching ready to hand out fines if anyone tries to screw with it. A state legislator doesn't have the means or leverage
 
yeah we figured as much when you had reservations about toxic by products of solar panels. I wonder too if hydroelectric energy is more green than oil, what with all these microorganisms gathering up at dams...

Image

As someone once said if bp could own the sun we d have had solar energy 30 years ago...

You will find that I subscribe more to original published research than to proclamations of lobby groups, even if doing so flies in the face of being politically correct. I actually like to decide for myself what conclusions the evidence supports. It has been estimated that dams account for the equivalent of 30% as much equivalent GHG effect as the burning of all fossil fuels. Given that hydroelectric power accounts for only about 3% of the world's total energy supply, the ratio is not especially favourable. Also, reservoirs created by dams have permanently destroyed large areas of some of the world's most sensitive and diverse habitats. (For some good information regarding the effects of dams, you may wish to visit International Rivers' excellent website.

That being said, there are efforts underway to produce more environmentally friendly hydropower generating facilities. With respect to oil and gas, it is my belief that tankers are a dangerous method of transport of fossil fuels, and we in North America should work toward an integrated continental energy supply system. It is ludicrous that the United States is reliant on blood oil supplied by Middle East dictators when massive reserves of natural gas and bitumen exist on our own continent. And don't even get me started on the "dirty oil" lobby; oilsands operators are orders of magnitude more environmentally conscious than those extracting oil from wells in the Middle East and Russia, and the total energy expenditure in mining, extracting and burning bitumen is less than that of California's heavy oil (sorry, I can't immediately remember the link, and it's getting late). And a recent commentary in the journal Nature opined that coal and unconventional gas will far outstrip bitumen in their contributions to GHGs.

I have stated that I do find promise in some renewable resource technologies, including geothermal energy, wind energy, and with some minor reservations, solar energy. I neglected to mention that concentrated solar power holds considerable promise. In the intermediate term, I am hoping for innovations to help to realize the potential of nuclear fusion energy, as opposed to nuclear fission.

But you're really missing my whole point by quoting just a few lines of my post. We must become much more environmentally responsible in how we use energy. The "cleanest" energy is the energy we never have to generate or use.
 
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a link to a paper where a bunch of mathematicians identified and modeled all the variables that explain why prices vary between California and other states.
There are at least a dozen policies for the state of California listed in this paper from 1995, which are given as reasons why Californian investor-owned utilities charge higher prices than equivalent producers elsewhere in the country. Whether one is regulating the types of fuel that are being used, the number of plants that can be built, the taxes paid, whatever, ultimately these decisions are increasing prices in the California electricity market. The RPS is just one of those things. All this paper is saying, is that the investor owned utilities are not charging more than they should, given the regulatory environment that they work in. It's not saying that the regulatory environment in California doesn't artificially inflate policies (it does).
They found nothing that would indicate price manipulation.
Who said anything about price manipulation? And of course the price is manipulated -- by regulators.
Far as CA state regulators being able to choke generation supply, that's impossible. CA's grid is part of the Western Interconnection, which covers everything from California up to Canada all the way to Colorado. This whole area is essentially one big circuit and is run like one big circuit by interconnected utilities, regional ISO's, and WECC. Because everything's interconnected, you can have plants out of state feeding load in-state so a state legislature not being able to permit power plants efficiently doesn't affect anything. You also federal regulatory bodies (WECC/NERC) watching ready to hand out fines if anyone tries to screw with it.
The federal regulatory bodies by my understanding are only looking out for price manipulation. They do not ensure that market prices for electricity purchased across borders is necessarily comparable in price to what could be obtained internally to the state if California regulators allowed the cheapest methods to generate electricity in-state. And when nearby states are also implementing their own regulatory systems to permit and control electricity generation, it doesn't necessarily mean that cross-border "fair market" prices are going to be the same as what one could obtained internally if state policies were geared towards inexpensive electricity.
 
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