Okay, so I didn't give up after all. I wanted this to work and even though it's probably just a bug that Apple may fix at some time in the future I didn't want to wait for that.
I'll try to be as detailed as possible tracing back the steps I took in order to get my late 2014 iMac with a 3TB Fusion Drive to not only run Mojave but also Win10 from a Bootcamp partition. Yes, that's right, I succeeded. Mostly. Here we go.
Let's recollect: Bootcamp Assistant failed to create a partition time and time again even though Disk Utility told me there's nothing wrong with the drive. Well, it turned out there was something wrong but I merely found that out by chance.
I was researching the web trying to find answers to my issue when I stumbled upon
this support post by Apple regarding fixing a 'split' Fusion Drive.
While the symptoms explained in that post didn't match my problem, I still felt like trying this out as it sounded like something that may help in my situation. Note that those steps "permanently delete all data stored on the drives that make up your Fusion Drive. Make sure that you have a backup before continuing".
Going through each step in the Terminal I found out that my drive had a lot more partitions than what Disk Utility displayed before (see IMG_0014.jpeg).
After completing the steps to fix the drive I re-installed Mojave on my now completely wiped Fusion Drive. Don't make the mistake of restoring your Mac from your Time Machine backup immediately after that (I had to undergo above steps twice because I did).
Set your Mac up as new and launch Bootcamp Assistant right after in order to finally create that partition you wanted for so long (I know I did)... It should work fine now.
Now, when booting into Windows setup I ran into new problems. Although Bootcamp formatted the partition in NTFS Windows Setup didn't want to recognize it as such (see IMG_0015.jpeg).
I did some research online again and found
another source (in German, sorry) where the author suggests to reformat the Bootcamp partition with Disk Utility into the ExFAT format. Afterwards restart your Mac holding the alt key in order for it to display available boot drives. Choosing 'EFI Boot' is suggested. Windows Setup should now be able to work with the partition (it didn't for me) but you may have to format it again first from within the installer (that still didn't work for me) and if that doesn't help: "delete it and choose the free space for installing Windows". The latter did work indeed and I was finally able to install Win10.
Yay, right? Well... When I wanted to go back to macOS choosing "restart under macOS" from Win10's Bootcamp menu I got an error message telling me Bootcamp can't find the macOS start volume and thus can't reboot (see IMG_0027.jpeg).
I restarted my Mac holding the alt key again and after I was back in Mojave chose macOS as start volume in settings and restarted my Mac again. After that procedure my Mac booted into macOS by default again. Phew. I restored my programs and files from my Time Machine backup afterwards.
So here we are: I now have Win10 on a Bootcamp partition installed on a late 2014 iMac with a 3TB Fusion Drive. I can't boot back into macOS from within Windows but shutting down and restarting holding the alt key is not too much of a hassle and something I can live with. I'm not often working with Win10 on my machine, so that's okay.
I hope this helps to answer a few questions and maybe it can help everyone who ran into the same or similar problems during the last few days. Let me know if you have any questions - happy to help out if I can.
[doublepost=1538435319][/doublepost]
I am Back at High Sierra after a complete Reinstall to it without a Backup. Will add a new Bootcamp now, but how did you manage the recovery of the .dmg Image ? I copied the bootcamp_Vol.dmg to an external Disk as a backup before Reinstalling High Sierra. How can I use this file now ? Thx for a detailed Reply and Greets to Berlin from HH. Danke vorab !
I honestly didn't come to that step yet.
I assume it should be possible to use the same program ('Windows Recovery') as before when I created the backup. Fingers crossed that will be the case... I'll let you know as soon as I found out.