What the moderators have posted so far in this thread is 100% accurate. When a thread has been closed, there is always a reason firmly anchored in the rules. In addition, it's very often a reason members can't see - because the problems have been removed.
In many cases, moderators use considerable time to edit rather than remove posts. This removes problems when some of a post contributes to a discussion, but some of it is a rules violation. This is very time-consuming, but the moderators do their utmost to allow everything members write within the rules to remain. The goal is to help discussion, not curtail it.
If, however, a thread becomes too time-consuming due to the reasons already listed, it may be closed. Yes, a note is ideal. No, we might not always remember to post a note - or we might close a thread that's causing many problems, go to the "back room" to discuss the issue with the team, and the note gets lost in the shuffle. We'll continue to make an effort to be clear when we close a thread, but the bottom line is that it can be safely assumed that there was a solid reason.
There are no rogue moderators closing threads because they're sick of the subject, don't like the opinions stated, because they just feel like it etc.
All moderation is transparent, and moderators are overseen by the administrators (and the other moderators, for that matter). All administrators carry a whip.
Not all members who are interested in a subject will necessarily have something to say in a given thread, but their experience as readers - and therefore input in discussions such as this - is also important.