On my machine (2012 rMBP) when benchmarking using geekbench (which focuses on cpu benchmarking) here are the results with the power brick plugged in and with battery use only:
plugged in
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battery
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No throttling exhibited as you can see.
Games and apps that stress the dGPU on the other hand paint an entirely different picture:
plugged in
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battery
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Major performance hit when plugged in as evidenced by the results. I don't need to rely on numbers to convince myself that it throttles when plugged in,, as stuttering would occur moments after starting a game while the laptop is plugged in, something that rarely if ever happens while running on battery alone.
I choose my words carefully. I didn't say on some machines for no reason. You may not have encountered this behavior, but that doesn't mean it doesn't exist on some macbooks because of hardware limitations or issues.