15. ACM comes to the conclusion that Apple abuses its dominant position by imposing unreasonable
contractual conditions on dating-app providers. The conditions with regard to the IAP service and
anti-steering, which only apply to providers that, within their apps, offer digital content or services,
for a fee, result in harm to these dating-app providers, in two ways.
16. First, with those conditions, Apple restricts the dating-app providers’ freedom of choice with regard
to the processing of the payments for the digital content and services they sell. Dating-app
providers are not able to have these services handled by another payment system, nor are they
able to refer in their apps to payment options outside the app. [suspended]. Moreover, since Apple
does not give access to data about customers that have made purchases, app providers are also
not able to contact their app users directly for customer service purposes. Dating-app providers are
unable to handle any issues regarding invoicing, cancellations, and refunds directly with their
customers because they do not have access to the necessary data. In addition, it becomes much
harder for dating-app providers to do background checks, which is of significant importance to
dating-app providers, considering safety, age checks, and malevolent users.