xxBurtonxx's post has all relevant information. I think for a laptop 200-250 ppi could be considered retina, since the normal viewing distance is higher than on the iPhone.
As far as I am concerned, I would consider a doubling of the resolution from the current MBPs as "retina", even if this would be more of a marketing term. My point is that compared to a normal bump in the resolution, e.g. when going from 1440x900 to 1680x1050, a doubling of the resolution would require new technology to keep applications and fonts at a reasonable size. This is exactly what Apple implemented in iOS.
It is different from just selling a screen with a higher resolution where everything appears smaller.