They got there and got their money by signing something... The execs lost NOTHING, documented. Lied about how their company was doing as stocks were about to be sold, thats also a fact. These people are utter slime and trying to get out of a signed contract is perfectly in character.
Apple would never agree to finance them to produce the product if they thought the competition would get it. That would be pure insanity to give a differentiation factor to someone else. GTAT sbould have realized that prior to signing. Again, pure amateurship. Apple would rather take the loss than give the saphire to someone else..
I think you are mistakingly applying the framework from the Wall-Street CEO scandals to this scenario because on the surface it vaguely looks the same.
First the CEO / Executive Board wasn't on the prowl to defraud anyone; they were trying to make a deal with Apple work.
Second by the time things were going south they had little power to change anything. Apple held too many cards--like making key decisions and withholding money. If they went to media and said "oh no, we are done zo" it would have been premature and a sign of giving up on making the project/deal happen; that is unacceptable.
Also their agreement with Apple most likely bared them from mentioning any issues anyways.
Third the selling of their stocks was them trying to mitigate their losses. If you were in their shoes then you would do the something. It wasn't like they were purposefully trying pump their stock before dumping it.
In short I don't see anything that makes it look like a sinister wall-street style scam.