Qualcomm - They have the best Modem. No argument about it. But according to Tim Cook, on record, Qualcomm charges 5x more royalty then all other SEP "combined". That is Nokia + Ericsson + ZTE + Huawei + Samsung + Intel + some others. i.e 80% of all patents cost on mobile network are going to Qualcomm, granted Qualcomm has many other patents from CPU , GPU, Power Management and UI etc.... but seriously 5x?
Knowing Cook, he manipulated that number somehow. He's rather good at that kind of thing. For example, Apple has no license with Qualcomm. Apple left that to Foxconn and the other manufacturers, so that the license fee would only be based on what Foxconn sells phones to Apple for, NOT for the MUCH BIGGER price that Apple demands from its own customers.
In any case, the reason Qualcomm can get a bit more than most others, is because they created the core technology for 3G, and own about half the patents for it.
Since then, they've also spent billions of dollars a year in R&D on LTE and further generations. So they also own a lot of that as well.
License fees repay them and all the others who do the research to make our phones much faster. The billions that Apple stashes overseas does none of that for us.
I have yet to seen any people saying, why has Apple put up with Qualcomm for all these years?
That's like asking why Apple has "put up" with Nokia, Ericsson, Samsung and other suppliers and licensers. Because those other companies actually create and manufacture the very technology without which the iPhone would be useless.
Apple is an incredible hypocrite when it comes to license fees. Back when the iPhone first came out, they wanted up to $40 per device for anyone to license their patents. Not to mention the heavy fees they wanted from Samsung for infringing a few non-essential UI patents.
As for charging by device price, that's done with many patents. Heck, Apple itself licenses its own "Made for iPhone" IP at a percentage of a third party device's price. Apple even wanted 10% of a device's price at first, with a $10 minimum, while Qualcomm only asks 3.25% of a device. Which technology cost billions more to create, Made for iPhone or the worldwide cellular system?
Mind you, Qualcomm's prices are likely to drop, same as they've done for years. Recently they even capped the base device price for royalties at $400. This was apparently a peace offering to Apple, whose latest phones have gone over that amount in cost from a factory, I believe.