Having just looked it up to check, I see the MacBook Pro tops out at the Max (which makes sense), but the Mac Studio offers the Max and an even-higher-end Ultra (which doesn't make sense, because "max" is short for "maximum" and it's evidently not the maximum), while the MacBook Pro offers a Pro and Max alongside an unlabeled regular version. All this also means there are 4 tiers, not 3 like you said; but one product offers 3 of the 4 tiers, and another offers 2 (while you do still need to keep track of all 4 tiers in order to understand the differences between the products).
Yep. The M series has four tiers, with a rather silly and definitely unintuitive sort order. And at a technical level, you could make the case that it really goes:
S
A
A Pro
M
M Pro
M Max
M Ultra
They usually start with the A, sometimes have an A Pro variant, scale that up to the M, which increases the clock speed and core count, and adds features such as Thunderbolt, then add more cores for the M Pro, even more (especially graphics) cores for the Max, sometimes with even higher clock, and finally double all that for the Ultra. And then take the e-cores from the A for the S, in Apple Watch, HomePod mini, etc.
(I believe the H and W series in AirPods and elsewhere currently share no cores with the A/M/S.)
If this were more like Intel, we might have the M4.3, the M4.5, M4.7, and M4.9 instead of no suffix / Pro / Max / Ultra. That’s rather technical, sure, but it’s very easy to tell “which is best?”. They prefer the splashy-sounding suffixes, but I have no doubt this has led to confusion. Has it led to accidentally purchasing the wrong product, I’m less sure. (I guess I wish they would’ve at least picked
different suffixes, not used “Pro” for both the laptop/desktop and some of the SoCs, if they’re gonna mix and match like that. Contrast the iPhone, where if you get the iPhone 16 Pro, it comes with the A18 Pro, and if you get the iPhone 16, it comes with the A18. That makes more sense.)
As for none of the products offering all tiers, that comes down to market segmentation and heat dissipation. The MacBook Air can’t come with an M4 Pro because a fabless design produces too much heat. Similarly, the top-end 16-inch MacBook Pro can’t come with an M4 Ultra. Conversely, the Mac Studio starts at the M4 Max, because the M4 Pro is what the Mac mini already has.
I also wouldn't be able to tell you why the MacBook Pro offers the non-Pro, non-Max chip at all; how would it be different from the normal/air MacBook? I'm assuming it must be other things like the screen or ports,
One reason is psychological; some people and IT departments won’t buy anything that doesn’t say “Pro”.
But if you configure the two similarly, it’s only a difference of $300, which gets you more ports, a much, much nicer screen, nicer speakers and mics, oh, and the screen is bigger as well.
but I generally don't recall the MacBook Pro's entry-level Intel chips being the same thing you got in a MacBook/Air.
This sort of started around 2016 with the one MacBook Pro configuration that didn’t have the Touch Bar yet but was otherwise quite similar on the outside. It has fewer ports and a much slower Intel CPU, so it was sort of an oddball low-end Pro.
Ultimately, it’s Apple saying: we want to offer a MacBook Pro at $1,600 but not compromise the $2,000 starting price for the “real” Pro.