Tried 16 in both slots and 16 in 1 slot. Neither worked.
There are some tricks to break the limits of laptop memory on certain chipsets.
On an older generation laptop I found installing 4GB of DDR2 RAM (2GB x2) there was a limit where only 3GB was seen.
However 4GB DDR2 sticks existed which could lead to max of 8GB.
8GB (4GB x2) failed to work on this older chipset.
However I found a trick.
By installing the 4GB DDR2 in slot 1, and a 1GB DDR2 in slot 2 I achieved a 5GB max.
Still beat the 3GB original limit.
This was for a chipset that supposedly was limited to 3GB.
On a proper chipset that supported 8GB it worked fine seeing the entire 8GB (4GB x2) DDR2.
Let's assume this trick can work on DDR3 for Ivy Bridge or Haswell in case Broadwell and SkyLake were the first to officially support this RAM.
16GB DDR3 in slot 1
Test either a 512MB or 1GB DDR3 in slot 2.
If it works step it up to 2GB DDR3 and 4GB DDR3.
Then 8GB DDR3. It's possible you can isolate a max greater than 16GB using this method.
Make sure the lower capacity RAM in slot 2 is slower in speed like PC3-8500.
This will force the 16GB DDR3 to drop down in speed and sometimes this tricks the laptop to work with both memory modules in slower memory speeds.
Now I don't have the "CT2KIT204864BF160B" to perform this test but hopefully you still own them to do some extra tests since the money is already invested.
But also some questions regarding your testing.
Was this done on an Sandy Bridge or Ivy Bridge chipset?
In theory Sandy Bridge supports 32GB at least done on desktops and I've had this done since 2011.
So whether or not it's done in 2 memory slots vs 4 memory slots is the question why it wouldn't work on a laptop.
Have you tried it on a Haswell or Broadwell laptop chipset?
When installing the single 16GB in slot 1 and slot 2 empty did the laptop turn on?
If so, did turning on the laptop allow you to get into the BIOS and show the 16GB as installed?
Repeat this for single 16GB in slot 1 and 512MB in slot 2 with PC3-8500 memory speeds.
If it powers on and what capacity it shows.
You can also try swapping the slots for the memory placement to see if it changes things.
Also remember to fully insert the ram into each slot as sometimes it's possible the memory is not fully inserted and contacting which can lead to a false result of it powering on but no BIOS or Post but a black screen and sometimes the CPU fan is running.
If you can get the laptop to Post and enter the BIOS and show more than 16GB present even a 16.5GB (16GB + 512MB) showing is positive result.
I know this is a MAC forum but a way to see if the OS is the cause of a laptop not seeing the 32GB you can try using a SATA SSD and install a small 98SE DOS based FAT32 boot partition just to see if it can boot properly. You don't need to install the full 98SE OS which will not work on > 512MB anyhow without modding the setup. You're only making it a bootable 98SE DOS which is less than 1MB in size.
The point is can it boot to 98SE DOS with more than 16.0GB installed and if it does it will confirm that the Mac OS is causing the limitation.