No, it won't. If you use sleep mode while plugged in, it does not use battery at all.
You can avoid completely draining it if you use it to 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, etc. As long as you don't drop it to zero, any percentage is fine.
No, it doesn't. Many people use their MBPs primarily at their desk, some with an external display. For those people, they rarely are in a situation where they can't plug in, yet for battery health, they should unplug and run on battery for a few hours every few days, to keep the battery healthy. Those who use battery more than being plugged in will frequently have better battery health and lifespan than those who primarily stay plugged in.
The battery won't overheat in a bag. The battery only gets warmer when charging. The primary sources of heat in a MBP is the CPU and GPU, not the battery.
If the fans are running at 100%, the MBP is obviously not in sleep mode. Having the fans run at 100% will not cause any damage to the logic board. The Intel chips are designed to shut down if temps rise above a safe level, specifically to avoid damage. You have never seen a logic board damaged by fans spinning or temps getting too high. You may have seen them fail due to manufacturing defects or other components failing, but not from the scenario you describe, as they are designed to avoid any such failure.
So because your earlier unqualified comment about shutting down vs sleep was poor advice, you now try to introduce qualifications such as a MBP running with fans at full speed in a bag, or leaving a MBP running in a hot car or running it in bed, trying to find a scenario that will make your recommendation plausible.
It's fine to use your MBP within the specified operating limits, which are:
Operating temperature: 50° to 95° F (10° to 35° C)
And using your MBP in bed is perfectly safe, unless you block the vents.
My statements are completely accurate and come directly from Apple's own documented statements about battery use. Try reading the Apple Notebook Battery FAQ, which was compiled from Apple documentation.
I didn't say anything about the ease or speed of shutting down vs sleep mode. If your computer is shut down at the time that OS X maintenance tasks are scheduled to run, those tasks will not run. If your Mac is in sleep mode at the scheduled time however, the tasks will run the next time your Mac is awake. So there is an advantage in using sleep mode vs shutting down.
Again, you should read the Battery FAQ to educate yourself. You're confusing regular use with long-term storage. The statement from Apple is this:
mmmkay?
That completely depends on the usage habits of the user. As already stated, some use their MBP only as a desktop replacement, so only using battery when they're not able to plug in would mean they would never run on battery power, which Apple specifically warns against:
I'll continue to trust and promote the recommendations from Apple more than the misinformation you posted. My guess is they know a bit more about their own hardware than most users.