Apple’s Disk Arbitration daemon overrides manual mounts. Since macOS Catalina the “split system volume” structure was introduced: System Volume (read-only) Data Volume (writable)Is it possible to treat macOS like Linux, or another Unix system in terms of fstab, and stop all my Volumes from auto mounting? E.g. when booting into Monterey, can I stop the "Macintosh HD" volume with Sequoia from automatically mounting, and vise versa ?
These are “sealed” system volumes that automatically mount on boot and are required for the OS to function.
So while you can block mounting of external or non-system volumes via /etc/fstab or diskutil,
you cannot prevent the active macOS’s own system volume from mounting, it’s part of the boot process.
When you boot into Monterey, you can stop the “Macintosh HD” (Sequoia) volume from auto-mounting by editing /etc/fstab. However you will need to add the UUID in order for that to work. But you need to know what you are doing, if not you could break something essential.
If you are bothered by the icons on the desktop only, you might consider to turn them off in Finder settings.