I'm summarizing the answer because lots of people are reading this thread and missing the answers. I just got a MacBook Pro Retina and had the same problem with a horrible display on a Dell U2410. My Dell works perfectly on my PC and my old MacBook Pro.
This is what the problem looks like (from post #29)
Specifically, the anti-aliasing is all screwed up. It isn't just a font problem. If you look at pictures or other graphics, you'll see they similarly look horrible. If what you are seeing is not exactly as shown in these pictures, then the problem most people are talking about here is not the problem you are experiencing. (I.e. there are other things that affect quality of an external monitor - I'm summarizing the explicit issue shown in the pictures above).
What is happening?
Mac OS thinks the external display is a TV, causing it to use YPbPr color format. You can confirm this by looking in System Information:
Go to Apple Icon -> About this Mac -> More Info -> System Report
Click on Graphics/Displays and the nVidia GForce display chipset (650M or 750M for MacBook Pro Retina - though this issue exists with non-retina Macs as well I believe). The nVidia chipset is used to drive external displays. Look at the entry for your external monitor (e.g. Dell U2410). If it says "Television: Yes" then Mac OS is using your external display as a TV, not a normal LCD display.
You can also see this by looking at the Display Settings on your monitor (how to do that varies from LCD to LCD and not all monitors may show this information). On a Dell U2410, to go Menu -> Color Settings -> Input Color Format. It should be RGB, but when the problem occurs, it shows YPbPr.
How to fix the problem.
You need to convince Mac OS to view your external monitor not as a TV, but as a normal monitor. When Mac OS thinks my Dell is a TV, it uses the YPbPr color map and looks horrible. By making MacOS treat the monitor as a normal computer monitor, it will use the RGB color map and if you get that result, the problem should be solved.
Method 1: Don't use HDMI-HDMI. HDMI out on my rMBP to HDMI in on my display caused the problem. But, when I put an HDMI-DVI converter on my cable so that I'm going HDMI out on the Mac to DVI in on the monitor, problem solved.
I imagine if you went DisplayPort or Thunderbolt on the Mac to DVI on the display, it would similarly fix the problem. But if you go DisplayPort or Thunderbold to HDMI, the Mac will probably sense the external display as a TV and cause the problem.
Method 2: Follow the advice at irecon.net
here using script to trick Mac OS into using RGB color.
Method 3: Follow the advice
here, and in post
#73, using a terminal command to force the defaults for the external display. This is an old solution to an old problem, but it fixes the issue being discussed here as well.
Other methods may work, but the key is getting out of TV mode.
I hope this helps reduce some of the confusion and thanks to everyone that helped me figure this out. I take no credit for finding the solution.
Regards,
Mike