I don't know what the true 'spec' is on how VoLTE works but I am guessing that it may in fact packetize it like same as and along side all other IP traffic coming and going but for example it could be 'time-sliced' or 'packet-sliced' where for instance as long as there is a voice call occurring then all data packets are only processed after all voice packets are processed first, guaranteeing the voice call gets the priority it needs. Also, those voice packets would be all going to a pre-determined IP during a call so it wouldn't need to do the normal route tracing type behavior typical internet traffic does. All voice packets get delivered directly from IP to IP via only the carrier's intermediary servers and not via normal internet server hopping.
It could be much simpler though since it already knows most of what the normal IP packets are trying to manage over for the voice data most of the bits in IP packets are unnecessary and wasteful of bandwidth when you already know everything about your destination and the route to get there, instead just dithering the voice bits with the IP-based data bits and not IP 'packetizing' at all. Just a crude bit stream of codec data with a few control bits and error detection and correction bits. Those bits would just get multiplexed in and sifted out at the tower and sent direct on their own channel from the caller's tower to the callee. In this case however it would require support from the phone cellular chip to allow this 'dithering' of bits in and out.
Just a guess... most of the 'magic' other then an improved codec on the phone is in the network layer (delivery mechanisms) of the carrier.
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