And right there is the problem with taxation, it's takes away an individual/entity's hard EARNED increase and redistributes it to someone else - whether person or program, that some bureaucrat thinks is important. Who are they to decide? What about the rights of the one who earned it?
Let me dissect your examples, with an eye toward historical solutions (some from a long time ago):
Education: No. Was handled privately and by small towns/organizations. Ed in US was good, now in shambles.
Healthcare: No. One word: Obamacare - biggest pile of stinkin' **** in the history of the country.
Enviro. protection: Yes. Unfortunately however, the power has been grossly abused. Scale it back.
Assist seniors/ill: No. It's the responsibility of individual families, community, charity. Shame on us.
Law enforcement: Yes. But with less govt. overreach, & more prosperity there would be less law breaking.
Tax incentives: No. No subsidies/breaks for anyone/anything. You succeed or fail based on merit. Low tax for all.
Student loans: No. Government has destroyed student loans, created the mess. End it all.
Roads/infrastructure: Yes. And current govt. is grossly neglecting this responsibility.
Clean energy: No. Would naturally evolve in a truly free competitive private market. See enviro. above.
Mass transit: Yes/No. Other than in large cities, it is a dismal failure. Failing in some cities too. (DC)
Science R&D: No. Private matter/investment. Govt. taxation/redistribution did not invent the light bulb.
Culture/Arts: No. Private matter/business. If you're good, you'll make money, if you suck you wont.
Museums: Maybe. Private/public partnerships would probably be best.
National Parks: Yes. Unfortunately the power has again been abused and used to confiscate private lands.
Let me add one you missed: Defense: Yes. One of the only govt. responsibilities actually in the Constitution.
We could go on and on and on with examples. The nuts and bolts of the thing is that all these things you cite (roads, schools, research, etc.) were originally created by private interests/individuals, not governments. And these individuals almost always did a better job of it. When it comes to tax, Apple pays what it is legally obligated to pay. The "fairness" argument is a fallacy. What is "fair?" The real solution is to get government out of as many things as humanly possible, so we can have a low equitable tax rate that's exactly the same for absolutely everyone.
Ending govt. meddling, and a flat rate of 10-15% would increase economic activity, create immense prosperity for everyone, and generate more tax revenue than governments would know what to do with - which excesses of course should be placed in emergency funds and returned to the tax payer in the form of even lower tax rates.
