The library creation is the entire point behind Lightroom, and nothing prevents you from using a folder system with it.
Create and name a folder -> add photos -> in Lightroom create new library in that folder -> Import photos to that library and work on them.
Throughout, I treat the folders like normal Apple folders, including moving them around to archive/backup drives, etc. Because I already use individual folders for photo assignments (rather than keeping all my photos in one giant folder), Lightroom works pretty seamlessly with my workflow.
Some people have a single huge library for all their photos. Or they make a new library every year. Different people manage them different ways.
As for Apple Photos, I don't touch it.