Ok my case with Apple was now open for almost 11 months and is presumably coming to an end.
Latest assumption: Probably due to Universal Control, Apple intentionally added ~50% additional delay for input devices.
This affects the internal trackpad as well as a Magic Mouse.
Ventura has the exact same additional delay as Monterey.
In comparison to Big Sur, it takes the mouse pointer ~50% longer to respond to input.
Disabling Universal Control has no effect.
For my workflow and usage this is just unacceptable and I'm downgrading back to Big Sur.
Lucky are those who don't notice...
Just two numbers:
Big Sur and Magic Mouse: ~42 ms delay
Monterey and internal Trackpad: ~83 ms delay
(100% reproducible btw.)