I don’t know what truly causes my discomfort but I do know there’s an entire forum of people having issues so there must be something going on. Ledstrain.orgI have a degree in neuroscience... the PWM frequency of 15kHz is way beyond anything the human eye can perceive. The neurons in your retina have a firing (spike) rate way below even 1kHz and typically no more than a few hundred Hz. The PWM frequency doesn't even make it past the first layer of your visual system.
What's more likely happening is you're sensitive to the extremely high contrast of the Mini LED displays. Especially with Apple's industry-leading antireflective coating, you have parts of the display that are like black holes for light with almost zero brightness pure black, with other parts running at 500 nits or more. That might cause eye strain if your pupils open wide to compensate, making the white parts too bright.
You can easily test that theory by installing BetterDisplay and using the Image Adjustment feature to increase the overall "brightness" of the screen (in old TV terminology) so that black levels are raised and become grey / slightly off black.
Wouldn’t just lowering the brightness solve some of the contrast issue you’re suggesting?
Another interesting read on reddit disagrees that 1khz is the top limit for sensitivity:
“However, according to a recent 2020 study by Brown et al. (2020), they found that participants with light sensitivity are able to detect light changes even at a fast PWM hertz of 11 Khz. Furthermore, another recent study by Kang et al. (2023) found that participants with light sensitivity are still able to detect light flicker even at a fast PWM hertz of over 18 Khz.”
All I know is the m2 airs are far calmer to look at for my eyes than the m2 pro’s.