I hope i'm wrong but i'm beginning to think that Apple is going to treat macOS version upgrades like it does with iOS. Downgrading a Mac to a previous release might/could be a thing of the past in the future, again I hope i'm wrong. I based that on what we have seen with Mojave. All previous versions of OS X and macOS disappeared from the purchase accounts and was noted on several Mac fan websites.
Probably not. Zero iOS devices can boot off an external drive ( e.g., a black up clone ). All Macs can. When there is one and only one drive over the devices entire existence then can stop boots from "other drives' because the single drive is probably pretty full ( APFS and snapshots aside ). [ even there those "restore from backup" still should be able to to boot. The 'the old', device unique signatures can be held in the secure enclave]. Macs come from much different background. Apple disable external boot by default now, but that's a separate dimension from the from the boot authorization check.
Getting it from the Mac App Store is different from cutting off. Apple allows people to mack Insteller USBs. Just make one. Then don't have get it from Apple store later. There is a difference between lazy and free approach and 'can't do'.
If have a running backups then rolling back to previous OS shouldn't be a problem. In short, if you want a previous OS version then keep it (i.e., deadicate some storage to it. ), then you'll have it.
There is also "Shift Option Command R " which can install the 'original' macOS the device shipped with.
How to reinstall macOS from macOS Recovery
That's different from what has been the MacApp store , but Apple is on some track of taking the basic system upgrades out of being items in the AppStore. ( It isn't really an App so that makes some sense).
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I'm not holding out any hope that my 2012 Mini will see the next release of macOS. And loading the next version of macOS will probably be next to impossible.[/QUOTE]
There is a decent chance it won't since it has been 5 years since it was superseded (
Apple Vintage and Obsolete ). Hardware which is being dropped from support is likely to get dropped from software support also. Hit that hard obsolete limit of 7+ years since superseded and almost everything goes on the unsupported by OS software list also. (paying more or less doesn't change that pragmatic hard timeline milestone. Lower stuff tends to fall off before because had less wiggle room to start. )
The Mini is a high candidate for 'early' software drop due to the limits of the iGPU and the pervasiveness of the HDDs configurations (and macOS moving away from HDD only being a 'good' configuration. ). However, I suspect Apple is eek out one more iteration for 2012. First, it was late 2014 for the replacement ( so pragmatically 10.15 may appear before the anniversary of end of manufacture. ). There was no 2013 replacement so effectively get a small 'extension'.
Frankly with a Mini 2012 even if there is an upgrade it is probably better to just wait if something does come out. If there are lots of 2012 problems then simply don't upgrade (and hence don't have to worry about reverting). The other options is to get an external drive and upgrade it. ( again, basically dedicate some storage to the old OS. )
P.S. Going forward APFS should be taking snapshots on major upgrades. Your immediately previous OS instance is right there on your disk if you have a reasonable about of empty free space available. Boot to revocery, pick the snapshot you were using before the upgrade , and set that as the 'front active' instance of the OS. ta-da right back to previous version. ( loose new data created but in terns of easy "jump back" is doable. )
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In the image below, the T2 is outlined in yellow and the ssd nand is outlined in orange.
Neither the SSD nand or the T2 has any type of active or passive thermal cooling to dissipate heat. ....
View attachment 805212
Neither does the processor (red outline) in that picture. That is the board stripped. Not the board as it exists in the machine.
The T2 NAND does have a passive cover ( perhaps also for RF controller but it is covered with something else). Square like gray outline about half way out in picture (T2) and rectangle at the furthest end of the board.
From
iFixit Teardown . step 5
The fan sits over the T2 and has some inlets on the bottom. (step 4 )
The mini does have to pull air in and then around fan and then past the NAND and T2 so it is a round-about non linear path but the board is under active cooling. What may be missing is another sensor on the board to measure temp (or feedback from the T2) that gets incorporated into fan controller. Which is kind of ironic since the T2 is the direct fan controllers. It would be more than kind of goofy if the fan controller cannot crank the fan to control its own temperature.