I think it’s like Google Pay where you can use it without a data connection but periodically you have to enable mobile data/WiFi as it only stores a limited number of ‘tokens’.
No, it’s not. Google Pay uses Host Card Emulation which is why it needs a periodic connection.
Apple Pay uses a secure element - it is simply a Contactless card in a different form factor. All of the required keys are stored on the device itself.
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In terms of the U.K. has anyone used Apple Pay frequently without the need to insert a card & enter a PIN unlike contactless whereby X amount of transactions can take place before you have to prove you are the card holder?
What you are referring to are often known as velocity checks and are usually related to transactions performed offline (which the UK has a lot of although that is changing). Mobile wallets always authorise online so this should not occur.