Stolen?
It was lost (from the reports I heard) but was there ever an intention to permanently deprive the owner of it?
If the Apple engineer hadn't lost it and it was obtained dishonestly, then I can understand the crime implication.
Google for "theft law in california".
485. One who finds lost property under circumstances which give him
knowledge of or means of inquiry as to the true owner, and who
appropriates such property to his own use, or to the use of another
person not entitled thereto, without first making reasonable and just
efforts to find the owner and to restore the property to him, is
guilty of theft.
"Appropriates such property to the use of another person not entitled thereto" matches quite precisely what has happened. The finder contacted Apple, but he did not "make reasonable and just efforts to find the owner and to restore the property to him" by contacting Apple customer services who didn't have a clue what was happening. You'd need a very, very good lawyer to make this not count as theft.
Gizmodo would be guilty of receiving stolen goods. For that it is necessary that Gizmodo _knew_ that the goods were stolen. But that is quite clearly the case since they know that a random person cannot be legally in possession of a prototype iPhone.
Uhh, $200 phone? In this case, the "phone" represents intellectual property and perhaps (likely) new patents, of which increase the value of the phone to an area of, oh I don't know, priceless. I'm pretty sure that the value of the 4G phone is way north of even $20,000 (to use your example).
Patents don't come into play. If there are any Apple patents in the iPhone, Apple must have gone to the patent office and registered the patents and everyone and their dog can visit a website and download the contents of those patents. Knowledge about a patent is intentionally open to everyone. Actually _using_ a patent requires a license from the patent holder.
I think the theft is not the major thing. But because the phone was stolen, it was illegal to open it and look inside and discover trade secrets in that way. You have the right to go to the nearest Apple Store, buy an iPhone, take it apart (because it is yours) and post on the Internet what you find. You don't have the right to do that with a stolen phone.
I think I read that the guy who found it called Apple and Apple claimed it wasn't their phone. If you tried to return it, the owner denies it's theirs, then is it stealing? I think there is a case that a reasonable attempt was made to return it.
See above: "Just efforts to find the owner and to restore the property to him". He called AppleCare and said "I've got your iPhone and it doesn't work". AppleCare gets about 100 calls every day that say exactly that: "I've got your iPhone and it doesn't work". How is the person he talked to supposed to know that he is talking about lost property?
My company owns maybe half a dozen iPads, each with a sticker "property of XYZ" on the back. If you called our customer services and said "I've found an iPad, and it has a sticker "property of your company" on the back", they would likely figure out what to do. They would know what you are talking about because we don't sell iPads. If you call AppleCare about an iPhone, they have thousands of people calling about an iPhone. Let me just suggest that it was not in the finder's interest to make himself understood clearly. He may have "contacted" Apple, but he certainly didn't make "just efforts to find the owner and to restore the property to him". All he needed to do is put the phone in an envelope and send it to Apple.