USB charging explained
And, is Apple talking about a USB-compliant high power port which supplies 500mA (and should have current-limiting to avoid exceeding 500mA per port) - or do these Apples have non-standard USB ports that are not compliant with the USB standard for current limiting?
There is a recent (April 2009) addendum to USB 2.0 which allows ports to output more than 500 mA for charging a battery. (As I see has been found later in this discussion.)
http://www.usb.org/developers/devclass_docs/batt_charging_1_1.zip
Based on this, an iPad should be able to get up to 900 mA from a "charging downstream" USB port. (The 900 mA limit is due to the iPad being a high-speed device.)
The iPad power adapter is able to supply up to 1800 mA and remain within the USB battery charging specification, as it is a "dedicated charging port". That works out to 9W, not 10W. The "10W" figure may just be convenient rounding, or may refer to the power consumption rather than power output.
Apple has a document mentioning that recent Mac models can supply up to 1100 mA (at 5V) via one USB port:
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT4049
After searching through Apple developer documentation and observing friends' Macs, it appears that the Mac models which support the battery charging specification include:
iMac: "Early 2008" (iMac8,1) and later.
MacBook: "Early 2008" (MacBook4,1) and later.
MacBook Pro: "Early 2008" (MacBookPro4,1) and later.
Mac Mini: "Early 2009" (Macmini3,1) and later.
Mac Pro: "Early 2009" (Macpro4,1) and later.
These are all models introduced from February 2008.
I haven't seen evidence for the 2009 Xserve and late 2008 MacBook Air, but they are probably in the above group based on their release date.
For all of the above models, Snow Leopard's System Profiler shows an "Extra Operating Current" field in the USB section for an iPhone 3GS, indicating they can supply more than 500 mA to that device. I expect the same will be shown for an iPad.
There is a group of slightly older models that have special support for Apple's aluminium USB keyboard, allowing it to supply 500 mA via one port on the keyboard (which requires 900 mA from the computer). This group includes all models introduced from June 2007, thus one more series of each Mac model. The original MacBook Air (Jan 2008) can also output more than 500 mA for the MacBook Air SuperDrive.
I don't know whether this group will supply more than 500 mA to other devices: there is no evidence in System Profiler if an iPhone 3GS is connected, and I don't have access to an iPad (yet) to test it, nor the appropriate USB keyboard.