Typically (although there are exceptions), all of these issues are commonly found on the network side.
ECs (Echo Cancellers) have been around for a half-century.
One-way audio has been a problem since analog cellular.
Same goes for static. Yes, even on T1s which are digital.
This said from 20 years of cellular infrastructure industry experience, including troubleshooting these exact issues. But again, it _could_ be the phone. Since I don't have a 4s, it would be silly for me to discount it totally out of hand. But it also wouldn't be the first place I'd look.
From experience at AT&T, problems fall into 3 categories
1. The customer is the problem
2. The hardware is the problem
3. Our hardware is the problem.
Eliminating "the customer is the problem" is the hardest part, because of call KPI's you have to quickly determine if the customer is just an not thinking or has a genuine problem. Typically if you hear the same problem over and over and over with the same device or same sector of the network you can eliminate the customer as the problem. Unfortunately since nobody tracks these stats, each individual representative has to keep a mental checklist and do everything on the checklist so they don't get penalized. The situation is probably similar at Apple.
When the hardware is the problem, eg the iPhone 4, what I determined from the macrumors list of issues is that the problem appears to be with the echo cancellation and volume in software (otherwise why would it show up retroactively in older phones.) More than likely it is settings to support SIRI, and may also prove the "quickly discharging" battery problem where perhaps the network connection is being utilized more than necessary.
If it was the network as the problem, the echo problem would exist on every phone. But it doesn't stop there. AT&T actually has three different network modes. GSM/EDGE (or on t-mobile), UMTS, and LTE. The iPhone 3G and later only support GSM/EDGE and UMTS, and use separate data and voice channels. If the phone is only operating in GSM mode, the echo problem could easily be explained at the codec level, but I don't know from the reports if it's from 2G or 3G mode. The "No Audio" problem is more likely a network problem unless the phone mutes the onboard microphone due to a headset being connected. In the case of no-audio, it's too technical to explain, it has something to do with upstream or downstream channels being oversubscribed. The Verizon/Sprint models which can't do voice and data at the same time shouldn't have the "no outbound audio" problem if it was purely a network GSM or UMTS network issue, since Verizon and Sprint use CDMA. So if the problem occurs on all supported carriers, the problem is clearly in the phone, and goes back to the iOS software.
One of the guys from Andandtech was on bloomberg tv, stated that he was able to fix the battery issue by reloading the OS, and the problem was only on one out of the 5 phones he had access to. So the question is, do these other problems also go away with the OS reload, or just the battery issue?
http://www.bloomberg.com/video/79346962/