In relation to cost, you have to take into account that Macs are premium business class hardware while most PCs are not.
Compare the cost per spec of premium business class PC hardware to the cost of equivalent Macs and there is no significant difference.
Honestly I'm curious why you believe that Macs are better than PC's?
1) Until Vista, the admin account in Windows did not implement DAC in a way to prevent malware by default. Also, Windows has a far greater number of privilege escalation vulnerabilities that allow bypassing DAC restrictions even if DAC is enabled in Windows.
Much of the ability to turn these vulnerabilities into exploits is due to the insecurity of the Windows registry. Also, more easily being able to link remote exploits to local privilege escalation exploits in Windows is due to the Windows registry.
Mac OS X does not use an exposed monolithic structure, such as the Windows registry, to store system settings. Also, exposed configuration files in OS X do not exert as much influence over associated processes as the registry does in Windows.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard has contained only 4 elevation of privilege vulnerabilities since it was released; obviously, none of these were used in malware. Lion has contained 2 so far but one of these vulnerabilities doesn't affect all account types because of being due to a permissions error rather than code vulnerability.
The following link shows the number of privilege escalation vulnerabilities in Windows 7 related to just win32k:
http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=win32k+7
More information about privilege escalation in Windows 7:
http://www.exploit-db.com/bypassing-uac-with-user-privilege-under-windows-vista7-mirror/ -> guide to develop exploits to bypass UAC by manipulating registry entries for kernel mode driver vulnerabilities.
https://media.blackhat.com/bh-dc-11/Mandt/BlackHat_DC_2011_Mandt_kernelpool-wp.pdf -> more complete documentation about Windows kernel exploitation.
http://mista.nu/research/mandt-win32k-paper.pdf -> more complete documentation about alternative methods to exploit the Windows kernel.
http://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/tdl4-rootkit-now-using-stuxnet-bug-120710 -> article about the TDL-4 botnet which uses a UAC bypass exploit when infecting Windows 7.
2) Windows has the potential to have full ASLR but most software does not fully implement the feature. Most software in Windows has some DLLs (dynamic link libraries = Windows equivalent to dyld) which are not randomized.
http://secunia.com/gfx/pdf/DEP_ASLR_2010_paper.pdf -> article overviewing the issues with ASLR and DEP implementation in Windows.
Also, methods have been found to bypass ASLR in Windows 7.
http://vreugdenhilresearch.nl/Pwn2Own-2010-Windows7-InternetExplorer8.pdf -> article describing bypassing ASLR in Windows 7.
Mac OS X has full ASLR implemented on par with Linux. This includes ASLR with position independent executables (PIE). DLLs in Windows have to be pre-mapped at fixed addresses to avoid conflicts so full PIE is not possible with ASLR in Windows.
Using Linux distros with similar runtime security mitigations as Lion for a model, client-side exploitation is incredibly difficult without some pre-established local access. Of course, this is self defeating if the goal of the exploitation is to achieve that local access in the first place.
See the paper linked below about bypassing the runtime security mitigations in Linux for more details.
http://www.blackhat.com/presentatio...Europe-2009-Fritsch-Bypassing-aslr-slides.pdf
The author only manages to do so while already having local access to the OS.
3) Mac OS X Lion has DEP on stack and heap for both 64-bit and 32-bit processes. Third party software that is 32-bit may lack this feature until recompiled in Xcode 4 within Lion. Not much software for OS X is still 32-bit.
But, not all software in Windows uses DEP; this includes 64-bit software. See first article linked in #2.
4) Mac OS X implements canaries using ProPolice, the same mitigation used in Linux. ProPolice is considered the most thorough implementation of canaries. It is known to be much more effective than the similar system used in Windows.
http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-04/bh-us-04-silberman/bh-us-04-silberman-paper.pdf -> article comparing ProPolice to stack canary implementation in Windows.
5) Application sandboxing and mandatory access controls (MAC) in OS X are the same thing. More specifically, applications are sandboxed in OS X via MAC. Mac OS X uses the TrustedBSD MAC framework, which is a derivative of MAC from SE-Linux. This system is mandatory because it does not rely on inherited permissions. Both mandatorily exposed services (mDNSresponder, netbios...) and many client-side apps (Safari, Preview, TextEdit
) are sandboxed in Lion.
Windows does not have MAC. The system that provides sandboxing in Windows, called mandatory integrity controls (MIC), does not function like MAC because it is not actually mandatory. MIC functions based on inherited permissions so it is essentially an extension of DAC (see #1). If UAC is set with less restrictions or disabled in Windows, then MIC has less restrictions or is disabled.
http://www.exploit-db.com/download_pdf/16031 -> article about Mac sandbox.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb648648(v=VS.85).aspx -> MS documentation about MIC.
https://media.blackhat.com/bh-eu-11/Tom_Keetch/BlackHat_EU_2011_Keetch_Sandboxes-Slides.pdf -> researchers have found the MIC in IE is not a security boundary.
6) In relation to DAC and interprocess sandboxing in OS X in comparison with some functionality of MIC in Windows 7 (see #5), the XNU kernel used in OS X has always had more secure interprocess communication (IPC) since the initial release of OS X.
Mac OS X, via being based on Mach and BSD (UNIX foundation), facilitates IPC using mach messages secured using port rights that implement a measure of access controls on that communication. These access controls applied to IPC make it more difficult to migrate injected code from one process to another.
Adding difficulty to transporting injected code across processes reduces the likelihood of linking remote exploits to local exploits to achieve system level access.
As of OS X Lion, the XPC service has also been added to implement MAC (see #5) on IPC in OS X. (
http://developer.apple.com/library/...stemStartup/Chapters/CreatingXPCServices.html)
7) Windows has far more public and/or unpatched vulnerabilities than OS X.
http://www.vupen.com/english/zerodays/ -> list of public 0days.
http://www.eeye.com/Resources/Security-Center/Research/Zero-Day-Tracker -> another list of public 0days. (
Most if not all of the Apple vulnerabilities in this list were patched in the latest Apple security update ->
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT5002)
http://m.prnewswire.com/news-releas...-vulnerability-in-microsoft-os-110606584.html -> article about 18 year old UAC bypass vulnerability.
8) Password handling in OS X is much more secure than Windows.
The default account created in Windows does not require a password. The protected storage API in Windows incorporates the users password into the encryption key for items located in protected storage. If no password is set, then the encryption algorithm used is not as strong. Also, no access controls are applied to items within protected storage.
In Mac OS X, the system prompts the user to define a password at setup. This password is incorporated into the encryption keys for items stored in keychain. Access controls are implemented for items within keychain.
Also, Mac OS X Lion uses a salted SHA512 hash, which is still considered cryptographically secure. It is more robust than the MD4 NTLMv2 hash used to store passwords in Windows 7.
http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/How-Cracked-Windows-Password-Part1.html -> article about Windows password hashing.
9) The new runtime security mitigation improvements to be included in Windows 8 have already been defeated.
http://vulnfactory.org/blog/2011/09/21/defeating-windows-8-rop-mitigation/
To put this into perspective, methods to bypass the new runtime security mitigations in Mac OS X Lion are not yet available.
10)In regards to recent earlier version of Mac OS X:
The following image relates to varying levels of security mitigations in different Linux distros but it is applicable in revealing that the runtime security mitigations in some earlier versions of Mac OS X prior to Lion were far from inadequate.
source ->
http://www.blackhat.com/presentatio...Europe-2009-Fritsch-Bypassing-aslr-slides.pdf
The following section of that image represents a comparison of Mac OS X Leopard/Snow Leopard to Windows Vista/7.
While Mac OS X Leopard/SL lack full ASLR, Windows Vista/7 have stack canaries (aka stack cookies) that are trivial to bypass.
The following link shows the issues with stack canaries in Windows. ->
http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-04/bh-us-04-silberman/bh-us-04-silberman-paper.pdf
So:
Windows Vista/7 = NX + ASLR
Mac OS X Leopard/SL = NX + stack cookies
The image shows that NX in combination with stack canaries is more difficult to bypass than a combination of NX and ASLR.
Why buy an iPhone instead of a Galaxy S2?
1) Below are the numbers for total amount of vulnerabilities in the OSs. This includes both local and remote vulnerabilities.
Android = 88 ->
http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=android -
the list shows 89 but 1 of the vulnerabilities is limited to HTC Android devices that use the Sense UI.
- 4 of the vulnerabilities are local privilege escalation vulnerabilities but the list doesn't include the 2 vulnerabilities found by Oberheide because these vulnerabilities haven't yet received a CVE.
- Information about these vulnerabilities can be found at
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/49709
- BTW, 1 of Oberheide's local privilege escalation exploits is not yet patched despite being disclosed on Sept. 20, 2011. So, this has remained unpatched for a month despite Google's OTA updates. This is the reason that these vulnerabilities are not yet disclosed in CVE. CVE doesn't disclose public and unpatched vulnerabilities.
iOS = 63 ->
http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=apple+ios
- 3 of the vulnerabilities are local privilege escalation vulnerabilities. The two separate Jailbreakme local privilege escalation vulnerabilities are included in the list. The Jailbreakme vulnerabilities were patched in 13 days and 8days, respectively. This was prior to iOS 5 which introduced OTA updates for iOS.
FYI, malware install via exploitation requires a remote arbitrary code execution vulnerability to be linked with a local privilege escalation vulnerability into a single exploit.
2)
EDIT: Android has supported NX (aka DEP) since 2.3. Android will support ASLR starting with 4.0. Both technologies are already supported in iOS.
3) The vetting process for app submission to the Android Market is much less strict than the equivalent for iOS.
http://jon.oberheide.org/files/summercon10-androidhax-jonoberheide.pdf
4) These factors contributed to the following comparison between Android and iOS.
http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/about/media/pdfs/symc_mobile_device_security_june2011.pdf
5) Android also has a greater surface area of attack due to the inclusion of
Flash. Combined with a greater number of local privilege escalation vulnerabilities, Android is less secure in this regard.
