Hey, over one year later (see:
https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/2018-mbp-slow-wifi-on-wake.2129752/post-27076057) and after experiencing it on my Mac mini 2018 also I've finally found out what causes this issue for me! 🥳
Turns out the problem was the Wifi set to 802.11n+ac mode with 80 MHz channels. 🤷♂️ After I've set it to 802.11n+a mode with 40 MHz channels, the problem disappeared. Of course this decreases the throughput to 450 Mbit/s, so it's an inferior solution to just restarting the Wifi after wake.
I found the solution in this blog article:
https://hmijailblog.blogspot.com/2018/05/macbook-2013-vs-80-mhz-wifi-channels.html
But as I said, restarting the Wifi on wake also solves the problem and does it without performance degredation.