Why do you think things like electric ranges / dryers utilize 240-volt circuits? Because they exceed the power capabilities of a standard 120-volt outlet.
Nope. Using 240V is to allow the devices to heat faster. They do not exceed the power capabilities of 120 volt circuits. You could put 100 amperes on a 120 volt circuit with the proper wiring. Doing so would require 4 gauge wire and that is expensive and difficult to use. Using 240 volts is a matter of efficiency and minimizing line losses over distance.
Connect over 120 of them to the same circuit (assuming a typical US household 120-volt outlet) and you risk tripping the breaker.
If I had a regulated power supply that would only deliver 100 watts, then connecting a hundred lights would still not trip the circuit breaker. The difference is that houses don't have regulated power supplies like are used for MacBook and phone chargers.
They can only supply what they're designed to supply. Exceed that and you risk damage / overheating.
By design the chargers cannot exceed their rating. The chargers will not be damaged and will not overheat. You say they can only supply what they're designed to supply then state that design power delivery can be exceeded. Either the chargers deliver the maximum they are designed for, or they don't. There cannot be two possibilities.
As for multiple devices why is it that daisy chaining power strips is not recommended?
Because you are dealing with an unregulated power source in power strips. Computer chargers are regulated. Big difference.
Short it and it will likely shutdown in order to protect itself from damage
For a dead short, hopefully it should shut down if it can detect a dead short. I can place a load, a 120 V 100 watt hot wire bulb across the the supply, and the power supply will continue to deliver 35 watts to that load. The supply will not attempt to supply 100 watts to that load.
A device that caps its maximum power delivery at 35 watts is not going to magically deliver 50 watts. There is circuitry, voltage conversion, temperature monitoring, clamping circuits, significant intelligence to make the chargers safe. A 35 watt charger can deliver 0.001 watts all the way to the maximum rating of 35 watts. It will deliver no more power than what is rated.
I used to do dummy loads on computer power supplies to test their ability to deliver the power that was promised. Some wire wound forced air cooled ceramic resistors that could be switched in a various levels to simulate a load. A power supply at 1200 watts would stop delivering anything beyond 1200 watts regardless of the load switched into the circuit. And 1200 watts is the equivalent of a space heater. These power supplies were significantly less intelligent than the current state of laptop and phone chargers.
Don't continue to confuse household plugs which have unregulated current, and voltage, to an intelligent device that monitors its output, voltage and current, (wattage) to stay within its design limits.
