Which, BTW, is about 2000% more information than ANY other laptop OEM gives regarding their testing methodology.
Don't believe me? Check the Microsoft Site for the Surface Pro and Surface Book, the HP Spectre product Page, the Dell XPS 15 Product Page, and, if you can figure out which Lenovo Laptop to try, look there, too.
In comparison to those manufacturers, Apple publishes a veritable whitepaper regarding their battery-testing methodology.
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I think that custom OLED multitouch panel is the likely price-jump culprit; but if you look at competition like the Surface Book, the XPS 15 and the HP Spectre, you'll find they aren't so cheap, either.
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And which laptops do you think are designed without at least a rough "run-time" target in mind?
Engineering is always about Compromise. It is always about a Double-Edged Sword.
ALWAYS.
Now, whether those particular Design-choices happen to fit your particular use-case is a much trickier matter; especially when said product will sell to millions of disparate users.
You're spending an enormous amount of time and energy on red herrings. I'm fine with Apple being as transparent as they want to be.
The bottom line is the batteries are significantly smaller moving from 2015 to 2016 (74.9Wh/99.5Wh to 49.2Wh/76Wh) per https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Pro.
Was there an engineering problem that caused Apple to ship laptops with smaller batteries than intended? I don't know. Intentions don't matter. Res ipsa loquiter.
Is Apple charging a 'premium' price for a MBP? IMO, Yes
Is Apple's claim of 10 hour battery an issue? If I'm buying a premium product, I'd expect premium performance. If I, as a user, had great battery life in my last MBP or Air, I'd expect a new one to be able to again hit that claim, without me having to alter my workflow.