Thank you for your detailed reply. I’m slowly making my way through it! Much appreciated.
There is nothing preventing these companies from having a MDM equivalent outside the App Store.
And I think Apple is working toward more sophisticated functions being built into the OS. It's difficult though - there are a lot of different philosophies on how to raise children, and a lot of pushback for coming out and actually saying certain ones are 'wrong'.
For example, some parents would prefer to be notified if their children went to certain sites or used certain apps rather than them being blacklisted - even if they specifically told their kids not to go to those sites. Some parents would like to lock the device completely down when they aren't present.
[doublepost=1556488320][/doublepost]
Not that I know of - there are apps that are used by a MDM product, but management is always via an external service. You don't need an app to install an MDM profile. Only certain kinds of profiles (like enterprise profiles) can install their own apps outside of Apple review, but you don't need an app to set up a VPN (unless its a custom VPN protocol).
In fact, you can do it with static profiles, which aren't even necessarily signed.
The big difference is informed consent and liability. An operational director at a company pushing for EMM is assumed to have a responsibility for understanding the ramifications of their policy, and the risk if say their systems get hacked. The company suffers the ramifications if they are found to abuse laws, etc, so they are apt to also inform the employees of what the profile does. If not, they have the liability.
A parent doesn't have informed consent - they understand the advertised product features, but not the consequences of the implementation (that their children's traffic is being broadcasted to a third party over the internet who can monitor/alter/log/monetize it, and may not have proper security practices).
Not to mention that these products (like eavesdropping products for suspicious spouses) are meant to be installed on someone else's device without necessarily getting their knowledge or consent, and even to be hidden behind a fake app icon or the like.
In some cases, Apple pushes for features to require a demonstration of intelligent consent before letting them be configured - for instance, the dance needed to turn on/off SEP requires rebooting and running console operations. Consenting to run unsigned or badly signed Mac apps is way lower - it requires a right click. Installing a MDM profile requires loading it in one of three ways (Safari browser, Mail, or via the Apple Configurator Mac app), clicking through to indicate you understand the features, and I believe relatively recently they require you to navigate to settings to enable the profile.
Apple is restricted in their ability to move quickly here, but I suspect they will partially fix this through requiring certificate transparency (which is added in the latest OS release but the MDM can turn it off). This should allow them to prevent a profile from making its own certificates to see or compromise TLS-protected traffic.