Try one more thing. Put the Install OSX DVD in and boot to EFI. Do you see the CF there or just the DVD? If just the DVD then the installation medium is loading a driver or two during its boot sequence that activates the adapter. In other words, the adapter is not supported by your Macbook's EFI and is not bootable.
Your Mac Mini has a later EFI and possibly a SATA III controller. Your Macbook only has a SATA I controller and there are some incompatibilities with some SATA III SSDs, for instance. I don't know if this extends to CF adapters but it is one more avenue to explore.
Your Mac Mini has a later EFI and possibly a SATA III controller. Your Macbook only has a SATA I controller and there are some incompatibilities with some SATA III SSDs, for instance. I don't know if this extends to CF adapters but it is one more avenue to explore.