It's a launch services problem. Since it's so easy to reproduce, I was able to capture in the logs, using the "log" command at the shell.
2023-03-13 19:21:11.446502-0700 0xc2b68 Error 0x11b6bd 894 2 CoreServicesUIAgent: [com.apple.launchservices:uiagent] handle LS launch error: {\n Action = odoc;\n AppPath = "/System/Applications/Preview.app";\n Documents = (\n "yyy.pdf"\n );\n ErrorCode = "-43";\n FullPaths = (\n "/Users/xxx/Test cods/yyy.pdf"\n );\n}
2023-03-13 19:21:11.447776-0700 0xc38b8 Error 0x11a9c6 376 2 launchservicesd: [com.apple.launchservices:cas] CopyProcessByPid(3538,NO) failed because session 100030 didn't match expected 100282
2023-03-13 19:21:11.447778-0700 0xc38b8 Error 0x11a9c6 376 2 launchservicesd: [com.apple.launchservices:cas] CopyProcessByPid(3538,NO) failed because session 100030 didn't match expected 100094
2023-03-13 19:21:11.447778-0700 0xc38b8 Error 0x11a9c6 376 2 launchservicesd: [com.apple.launchservices:cas] CopyProcessByPid(3538,NO) failed because session 100030 didn't match expected 100232
2023-03-13 19:21:11.447779-0700 0xc38b8 Error 0x11a9c6 376 2 launchservicesd: [com.apple.launchservices:cas] CopyProcessByPid(3538,NO) failed because session 100030 didn't match expected 100063
2023-03-13 19:21:11.447780-0700 0xc38b8 Error 0x11a9c6 376 2 launchservicesd: [com.apple.launchservices:cas] CopyProcessByPid(3538,NO) failed because session 100030 didn't match expected 100015
2023-03-13 19:21:11.447781-0700 0xc38b8 Error 0x11a9c6 376 2 launchservicesd: [com.apple.launchservices:cas] CopyProcessByPid(3538,NO) failed because session 100030 didn't match expected 100036
2023-03-13 19:21:11.447792-0700 0xc38b8 Error 0x11a9c6 376 2 launchservicesd: [com.apple.launchservices:cas] CopyProcessByPid(3538,NO) failed because session 100030 didn't match expected 100310
2023-03-13 19:21:11.447793-0700 0xc38b8 Error 0x11a9c6 376 2 launchservicesd: [com.apple.launchservices:cas] CopyProcessByPid(3538,NO) failed because session 100030 didn't match expected 100201
Not that I know what that means.