You are using the lowest end, lowest of powered, 8 year old Mac’s. There is nothing “lately” going on here.
It’s got Intel Graphics, and was the last machine Apple released that wasn’t considered “pro” or “air”
It was never more than 2 cores at base clock of 1.4 ghz at the highest configuration.
It is officially classified as a vintage machine one.
With that said, it technically can support 4K@60 in the ideal configuration. But understand also that it probably can’t support a HUB. IT DOES NOT HAVE THUNDERBOLT.
it has usb 3.1 gen 1, and ONE port.
So either DP alt mode with PD, OR a Hub, unless you are willing to spend the cash on a hub that can multiplex it all.
None of this is an Apple issue, it’s the tech of 8 years ago, combined with your reluctance to buy a hub made by engineers.