Can you try patching again (re-install the patch using Patch Updater), and send me the resulting CoreBrightness if it ends up not working? I'm not sure what's going on, but I need to see if something's going wrong during the patching process. It worked fine during my testing, so I don't understand why it's not working for you.
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Yes, it should work in 10.13 too, although I have not tested that. The binary patcher is attached, just run it like so:
"cbpatcher /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreBrightness.framework/Versions/A/CoreBrightness <path to save patched binary to, IE: /Users/user/Desktop/CoreBrightness>"
Then you'll need to move that patched binary into the Versions/A directory of the framework, set permissions correctly, re-codesign, and it should work.