… As for my previous problems (double password prompt at boot and at login with FileVault, and always a password request for Startup Disk and Disk Utility), they were solved respectively by reinstalling OpenCore to the main EFI partition with MacBookPro11,3 explicitly selected in the settings (so, not only generically the Host Model), and by reformatting the external disk I had for hosting virtual machines (which somehow had gotten the structure with hidden partitions of a boot disk, probably from some failed attempt to install macOS or Windows). One thing still remains, however: when checking all the disks from Disk Utility directly from within the booted macOS, everything works without issues; while, when checking them from within macOS Recovery (or from an OCLP-bootable USB macOS Sequoia installer flash drive), the checks on the whole disks unexpectedly fail (with encrypted volumes already mounted):
[…]
Problems were found with the partition map which might prevent booting
Couldn’t mount disk. : (-69842)
… while I know that the EFI partitions are OK, as fsck_msdos from the Terminal returns no errors (and no errors, too, for all Disk Utility checks when booted normally into macOS, as said before): maybe a bug in Apple’s Recovery environment, who knows…?