~Shard~ said:
Thanks AidenShaw, very informative. I always learn a great deal of technical information from your posts.
PCI: The original specification 'Peripheral Component Interface', @ Rev 2.2
PCI-X: The latest version 64 bits at: PCI-X 66, PCI-X 133, PCI-X 266 and PCI-X 533 [4.3GBps]
Bus Spec Transfer Rate Throughput Rate
PCI; 33MHz, 32-bit 133MBps -
PCI-Express x1 250MBps -
AGP 2x 533MBps -
PCI-Express x4 1,000MBps -
AGP 4x 1,066MBps -
AGP 8x 2,133MBps -
PCI-Express x16 4,000MBps -
PCI Express Bus Description
A Description of the new Serial PCI Bus "PCI Express".
The PCI Express [PCIe] bus defines the Electrical, topology and protocol for the physical layer of a point to point serial interface over copper wire or optical fiber. In addition to the Physical Layer, the PCI Express specification also covers the Transaction Layer and Data Link Layer. The Physical Layer resides with Layer 1, and the Data Link Layer resides with Layer 2 of the OSI protocol model.
PCI Express is the new serial bus addition to the PCI series of specifications. How ever the electrical and mechanical interface for PCI Express is not compatible with the PCI bus interface. This is a serial bus which uses two low-voltage differential LVDS pairs, at 2.5Gb/s in each direction [one transmit, and one receive pair]. A PCI Express link is comprised of these two unidirectional differential pairs each operating at 2.5Gbps to achieve a basic over all throughput of 5Gbps [before accounting for over-head]. PCI Express uses 8B/10B encoding [each 8 bit byte is translated into a 10 bit character in order to equalize the numbers of 1's and 0's sent, and the encoded signal contains an embedded clock]. PCI Express supports 1x [2.5Gbps], 2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, 16x, and 32x bus widths [transmit / receive pairs]; 2.5Gigabits/second per Lane per Direction. The 8B/10B changes the data transfer numbers to 250MBps per lane, raw data [B= Bytes, b=Bits]. The reduction in throughput is accounted for under the protocol section.
LVDS stands for: Low Voltage Differential Signaling.
LVDS Electrical Interface
LVDS Single Link Interface Circuit
The basic LVDS interface is a single differential link in either one or both directions. Each link requires a termination resistor at the far [receiver] end. The nominal resistor values used is 100 ohms, but would depend on the cable or PWB trace impedance used. LVDS is a scalable bus; one uni-directional link or multiple links may be used. The LVDS graphic above indicates a 1-meter length, but the PCIe specification only allows a 20 inch trace. Refer to the LVDS page for additional information
PCI Express Status
The PCI Express bus started showing up on Mother Boards in 2004 as an addition (using a new connector) to the PCI interface, and will coexist and out-pace parallel PCI at the rate PCI took over from the ISA bus. One common PCIe implementation seems to have two 1x PCI Express slots [for expansion boards] and one 16x PCIe slot [used to replace the AGP slot], then some number of standard parallel (classic) PCI slots [3 to 4 connectors]. Because of the large number of PCI boards fielded it may be some time before the PCI expansion slots disappear from mother-boards, but may disappear faster because the PCIe 1x connector is so much smaller then the PCI connector. The 1x PCIe slots will support a bandwidth of 5Gbps, and the 16x PCIe slot will support 80Gbps. Refer to this page for a comparison of Video bus through-put for different expansion buses.
I see some Mother Board manufacturers using the term PCI-E to represent PCI Express card slots, this is an incorrect usage [PCIe]. PCI Express is not compatible with the standard PCI bus. The PCI Express connectors, signal voltage levels, and signal format are different then with PCI. The physical size of PCI Express cards have the same dimensions as standard PCI cards. The main physical difference between the two bus formats lay with the connectors. PCI Express comes as either standard or low-profile form factors.
Additional Notes: Some software written for the PCI bus may be compatible with the PCIe bus. PCI Express was originally developed at Intel by the Arapahoe working group. Later called 3GIO, "third-generation input/output". Now that the spec has been transferred to the PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG) it was renamed PCI Express.
PCI Express Pinout
The pinout for expansion slots found on Personal Computers is listed below. Two types of PCIe connectors are common on PCs; the 1x connector which is used for a normal board expansion slot and the 16x connector which is used as a video card expansion slot. The 4x and 8x style connectors have not yet been seen residing on any mother-board.
PCI-Express 1x Connector Pinout and 1x signal names.
PCI-Express 4x Connector Pinout and 4x signal names.
PCI-Express 8x Connector Pinout and 8x signal names.
PCI-Express 16x Connector Pinout and 16x signal names.
taken from:
http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_PCI_Express.html