More like $600 difference
Air 24/512 costs $1800
Pro 14" 32/512 costs $2400
M1 pro with 8 cores gets 23% more points in multicore cinebench r23 than M1 Air, and M2 should be 18% better in multicore than M1, so not much a performance difference.
Apple isn't selling CPU cores. They are selling whole Macs.
M2 Air 8 (4-4)CPU 8 GPU 24GB 512GB $1800
Pro 14" 8 (6-2) CPU 14 GPU 32GB 512GB $2400
The Air is missing one P core complex (pragmatically around 1P due to different binning), 6 GPU cores (+ 75%) . Close to twice as many GPU cores, along with twice as much memory bandwidth, is not going to lead to "not much of a performance difference". Your a picking a myopic benchmark that is hiding the substantive differences not illuminating them.
Anything that kicks in Apple AMX subsystem will show a much larger gap (more units). Having two 4 core P-core complexes brings more AMX units and aggregate memory bandwidth. Cinebench also isn't going to demonstrate that.
Apple Charges $300 to go from M1 Pro 10 CPU 14 GPU to 10 CPU 16 GPU. So is $100/ 2 GPU cores ($50/core ). On the Max it is $200 for 8 core difference is $200 ( $25/core on a bulk buy

).
So we can toss $150-$300 increase in costs that Apple is going to consistently charge for because they don't sell GPU cores for free.
Add in the gaps outside the respective SoCs and there is just more.
M1 pro which will be faster is extra $200 - so in total of $800 price difference.
Camera should be the same on both macs, display is better in pro, but with its own flaws(blooming, slow matrix response time as for 120hz display, so ghosting effect can be observed)
You can dismiss the mini-LED screen, but it too is more expensive to make. The Air screen doesn't bloom? Really? You are joking, right?
Very weird pricing tbh, Apple need to lower the prices on Macbook pro 14 to be competitive with new Macbook Air.
If you don't count the things that Apple actually charges for ( like GPU cores) then the inconsistency isn't on Apple's side.