Completely a bandwidth based decision.
Bandwidth and die space issue probably yes. The rest of this is a mess.....
There are almost certainly 4 TB4/PCIe4 channels.
No. Probably not. There are only two E cores here in part to save space. Same thing for Thunderbolt. If there are only 3 TB ports then there are likely only three TB controllers. ( since Apple went with the new Intel methodology of going 1:1 ratio when provisioning inside the CPU package. ).
A TB controller that never touching any external TB device is a waste of space. Apple doesn't have space to waste here.
TB and PCI-e are two different things. Si is DisplayPort. There is
ZERO need for PCI-e to product a DisplayPort stream. None.
There is likely either a fourth DisplayPort (DP) stream that drives the HDMI port or there is a "shared" DisplayPort stream that is shared from the input from one of the TB controllers ( that provisions that single port on right side) . For the M1 Max it is probably the former. For the M1 Pro it is probably the latter. ( one contributing reason why the M1 Pro would come up short on driving external displays).
I didn't see any support knowledgebase tech document on the MBP 14"/16" to outlines the complete combo of external monitor support but if find something like have to hook one 6K monitor to "left side" and second to "right side" for the M1 Pro ... that is indicative of a bandwidth issue.
There is likely a DP to HDMI conversion chip that provisions the HDMI port directly. ( absolutely zero need to roundabout through Thunderbolt complex at all. ). Just doing DP is way simpler and far more cost effective to buy a standard HDMI 2.0b converter. The other way would be for Apple to build their own converter on die and pump the HDMI straight out. If on-die convert then once again simpler and saved die space just to do HDMI 2.0b
Capping at 4K puts a lower load on the display controller subsystem. Remember these are also tasked with driving the embedded displays and multiple external screens on the other TB ports.
The M1 is display controller bandwidth limited . So it isn't particularly surprising that the M1 Pro would also be. It has a higher threshold but still capped versus a full fledge mid-high end , add-in , desktop card.
The fourth one is likely split between the SD card and the HDMI port (and perhaps a couple other peripherals, we'll have to see what System Information says next week).
The M1 SoC has three x1 PCI-e v4 lanes. ( one drives the 10GbE socket on the M1 Mini. ). There is absolutely zero need for TB here. The SD card can be just driven by the same PCI-e lane that would drive the Ethernet port if Apple hand not completely kicked that off the laptop.
Thunderbolt for an internal SD-Card is just a Rube Goldberg contraption that is completely unnecessary. If Apple needs a USB hub ( for Type A ports on other systems ) , Ethernet , or SD-Card there is
zero need for Thunderbolt to be in the loop at all. None.
HDMI 2.1 utilizes up to 48Gb, TB4 has a 40Gb channel. You do the math. Even with the SD card using only a lane or two, a lot of the HDMI 2.1 benefits wouldn't be there.
Nope. Base reason is same reason why M1 Pro is capped at two 6K monitors. Display controller subsystem runs out of steam. With three TB v4 ports and DP v1.4 (and compression) should be able to get three, but M1 Pro comes up short.
There is no good reason to loop TBv4 into the mix here. If TBv4 is "too slow" just bypass it and go straight out. This is misdirection from the display controller(s).
A substantive contributor here is using LPDDR5 for the VRAM. Apple is haning a "ton" of execution units off the LPDDR5. Display controller workload isn't gong to cache well ( with the same policies the CPU and compute oriented GPU cores desire ). That's why the M1 ran into a wall of supported number of displays ( 8 channels of LPDDR4). Apple adds more memory channels and goes to LPDDR5 but that is just getting them to getting Thunderbolt v4 qualified ( DP on each external port ) and supporting more 6K monitors. There is nothing left (bandwidth wise ) for a fancy HDMI 2.1 resolutions.
On a side note, this is a good example of "you get what you ask for". Instead of having the fourth TB4 port and the flexibility to do what we want with it, the dongle-haters have prevailed and now we lose the flexibility. SMDH.
Not really. I strongly suspect Apple was happier stopping at TB controller 3 and throwing transistor budget at rounding out something else ( e.g., ProRes de/encoder )
Once down to three ports how to make folks happy with just three. Toss in a MagSafe ( since one port usually 'covered' by USB port cord. Some folks "dock" but many do not. ) and basically have the same three had most configurations had anyway. With the empty side panel space can drop in the HDMI port that folks complain about. ( meeting room projectors. , 4K TV reference monitor , etc. ) .... not super duper bleeding edge gaming monitor. )
No 10GbE Ethernet .... opens door for SD-card. It is unused bandwidth likely already there. ( won't be surprising if iMac large doesn't have a SD-card if uses the M1 Pro or Max. ). Apple brought back some legacy stuff but still wireless when it comes to Ethernet ( pointing to implied usage of docks to get that ).
P.S. with USB4 ( and TB4 ) there are USB4 docks that can provide port multiplication. If need some mundane type c TBv3 (or v4) dongles can just add more ports too.