Really, the simple solution is abolish all income taxes, personal and corporation. Then establish a fair (no more than 10% total for all jurisdictions, local, federal, etc. combined) flat sales tax whenever a product or service is purchased.
This would ensure everyone pays an equal percentage, making it fair for all and would eliminate all of these loopholes.
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So many people think this deal is somehow legal because it was arranged by the government
Maybe putting it like this will help you understand:
Imagine if one of the states of the USA negotiated with a large company to make a law that their employees no longer had the protection of the constitution or bill of rights, and so could be enslaved, saving that company a lot of money
Would you say that was legal because it was authorised by the state? No, because there is a higher (federal) legal authority that says you cannot actually do that
That's what has happened here, and Ireland can appeal all they want but they won't win
That is not actually what happened here, what happened is:
Ireland has a set tax code that says a corporation pays x% of their income in taxes to Ireland.
Ireland said to Apple, come over to us and we will reduce the amount you pay to Ireland.
If the EU somehow has their own tax code, this cannot affect how much Apple would have to pay to the EU directly, but that doesn't seem to be the case, they are whining that Apple isn't paying enough to Ireland, when Ireland is perfectly OK with it.
In the U.S., this would be the equivalent of:
Texas having a set tax code
Texas saying to Toyota come over here and we will reduce your state tax liability
This is exactly what Texas did and no one said they can't do that or questioned the legality of it.
Why? Because each state is free to set its own tax structure, just as each country is free to set their own tax structure.
This obviously cannot change their federal tax liability, but it does reduce the taxes paid to Texas, really in this case there is no difference.